Twenty-two paradigms and 403 words from Biblingo chapters 1–16. Produce the answer
before you see it; missed cards come back today, known cards space out over days.
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What the terms mean
Case
The ending on a noun that says what job it does in the sentence —
subject, direct object, and so on. Greek marks with endings what English marks with word order.
Gender
A fixed property of each noun: masculine, feminine or neuter. It is mostly
arbitrary — ἄρτος ‘loaf’ is masculine for no particular reason — so you learn it with the word.
Number
Singular or plural.
Declension
Which family of endings a noun belongs to. 1st declension nouns are usually
feminine and end in η or α, 2nd are usually masculine or neuter, 3rd is the varied one.
ἡ ὁδός is 2nd declension despite being feminine — the article tells you the gender, the endings
tell you the declension.
Person
Who the subject is: the speaker (1st), the one spoken to (2nd), or someone
else (3rd).
Tense
Roughly, when: present, future, or past.
Aspect
How the event is viewed, which matters more in Greek than tense does.
Perfective sees the whole event with its endpoint — ‘she read the book.’
Imperfective sees it underway or repeated — ‘she was reading’, ‘she used to read.’
Voice
Active: the subject does it. Medio-passive: the subject is
affected by it, or undergoes it. Some verbs, like ἔρχομαι, only ever appear medio-passive.
Mood
Indicative states something as real — everything in this drill.
The infinitive (‘to eat’) does not.
Augment
The ε- stuck on the front of a past-tense verb: λαμβάνω → ἔλαβον.
Thematic / athematic
Whether a linking vowel sits between stem and ending.
κράζ-ο-μεν has one; δίδο-μεν does not, which is why μι verbs look different.
Stem
What is left of a word once you take the ending off. The aorist often uses a
different stem from the present, and that is the part you simply memorise.
Enclitic
A small word with no accent of its own that leans back on the word before
it: με, μου, μοι, σε, σου, σοι.
Proclitic
The same idea leaning forward, onto the word after it: ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ.
Movable nu
An optional ν on the end of certain forms, written here in brackets:
κράζουσι(ν), ἐστί(ν), τίσι(ν).